Retraction Note to: Comparative analysis of the replication of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and BHV5 in bovine-derived neuron-like cells.

The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article.

RETRACTED: Bovine Herpesvirus 5 promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured bovine monocyte-derived macrophages and not affect virus replication.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editors-in-Chief and Authors. Fig 1A is a duplicate of a figure that has already been published in da Silva SEL et al. Archives of Virology 2018;163:1043-1049; 10.1007/s00705-018-3704-2. These two papers report studies performed with cells from two different animal species (bovine cells for the Veterinary Microbiology paper and chicken cells for the Archives of Virology paper). The reuse of the same figure in the Veterinary Microbiology paper to describe cells that were supposed to be from a different species is thus inappropriate and also puts into question the reliability of the other results presented in this paper. In addition, the Editors-in-Chief have remaining concerns about the strong similarities of other data presented in the two papers. Even if these concerns were addressed, the re-use of any data has to be clearly indicated and appropriately cited. As such this article represents a misuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

Isolation, characterization and immunomodulatory-associated gene transcription of Wharton's jelly-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells at different trimesters of cow pregnancy.

The possibility of isolating bovine mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) from fetal adnexa is an interesting prospect due to the potential use of these cells in biotechnological applications. However, little is known about the properties of these progenitor cells in bovine species. Wharton's jelly (WJ) MSC cells were obtained from the umbilical cord of bovine fetuses at three different stages of pregnancy and divided into groups 1, 2 and 3 according to gestational trimester. Cell morphology, from the three stages of pregnancy, typically appeared fibroblast-like spindle-shaped, presenting the same viability and number. Moreover, the proliferative ability of T-cells in response to a mitogenic stimulus was suppressed when WJMSC cells were added to the culture. Multilineage properties were confirmed by their ability to undergo adipogenic, osteogenic/chondrogenic and neurogenic differentiation. Mesenchymal phenotyping, CD105+, CD29+, CD73+ and CD90+ cell markers were detected in all three cell groups, yet these markers were considered more expressed in MSCs of group 2 (p < 0.005). Expression of cytokines IL2, IL6RR, INFAC, INFB1, IFNG, TNF and LTBR were downregulated, whereas IL1F10 expression was upregulated in all tested WJMSCs. The present study demonstrated that WJMSCs harvested from the bovine umbilical cord at different gestational stages showed proliferative capacity, immune privilege and stemness potential.

Bovine herpesviruses induce different cell death forms in neuronal and glial-derived tumor cell cultures.

Oncolytic viruses have the ability to infect tumor cells and leave healthy cells intact. In this study, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1; Los Angeles, Cooper, and SV56/90 strains) and bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV5; SV507/99 and GU9457818 strains) were used to infect two neuronal tumor cell lineages: neuro2a (mouse neuroblastoma cells) and C6 (rat glial cells). BHV1 and BHV5 strains infected both cell lines and positively correlated with viral antigen detection (p < 0.005). When neuro2a cells were infected by Los Angeles, SV507/99, and GU9457818 strains, 40 % of infected cells were under early apoptosis and necroptosis pathways. Infected C6 cells were >40 % in necroptosis phase when infected by BHV5 (GU9457818 strain). Blocking caspase activation did not interfere with cell death. However, when necroptosis was blocked, 60-80 % of both infected cells with either virus switched to early apoptosis pathway with no interference with virus replication. Moreover, reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction were detected at high levels in both infected cell lines. In spite of apoptosis and necroptosis blockage, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) and virus transcription were positively correlated for all viral strains studied. Thus, these results contribute to the characterization of BHV1 and BHV5 as potential oncolytic viruses for non-human cells. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying their oncolytic activity in human cells are still to be determined.

Comparative analysis of the replication of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and BHV5 in bovine-derived neuron-like cells.

Members of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae use the epithelium of the upper respiratory and/or genital tract as preferential sites for primary replication. However, bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV5) is neurotropic and neuroinvasive and responsible for meningoencephalitis in cattle and in animal models. A related virus, BoHV1 has also been occasionally implicated in natural cases of neurological infection and disease in cattle. The aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro effects of BoHV1 and BoHV5 replication in neuron-like cells. Overall, cytopathic effects, consisting of floating rounded cells, giant cells and monolayer lysis, induced by both viruses at 48 h postinfection (p.i.) resulted in a loss of cell viability and high virus titres (r = 0.978). The BoHV1 Cooper strain produced the lowest titres in neuron-like cells, although viral DNA was detected in infected cells during all experiments. Virus replication in infected cells was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and qPCR assays. BoHV antigens were better visualized at 48 h p.i. and flow cytometry analysis showed that SV56/90 and Los Angeles antigens were present at higher levels. In spite of the fact that BoHV titres dropped at 48 h p.i, viral DNA remained detectable until 120 h p.i. Sensitive TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) and annexin V assays were used to identify apoptosis. BoHV5 induced death in approximately 50% of cells within 24 h p.i., similar to what has been observed for BoHV1 Los Angeles. Infection with the BoHV1 Cooper strain resulted in 26.37% of cells being in the early stages of apoptosis; 63.69% of infected cells were considered viable. Modulation of mitochondrial function, as measured by mitochondrial membrane depolarization, was synchronous with the virus replication cycle, cell viability and virus titres at 48 h p.i. Our results indicate that apoptosis plays an important role in preventing neuronal death and provides a bovine-derived in vitro system to study herpesvirus-neuron interactions.